What amendment prohibits the denial or abridgment of the right to vote based on race?

The 15th amendment is specifically designed to prohibit the denial or abridgment of the right to vote based on race. Ratified in 1870, this amendment aimed to ensure that African American men and other marginalized groups could participate in the electoral process after the Civil War. This was a significant step in the fight for civil rights, as it legally asserted that the right to vote could not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The other amendments listed do not address voting rights in relation to race. The 16th amendment deals with income tax, the 17th amendment pertains to the direct election of senators, and the 18th amendment established Prohibition, none of which involve voting rights related to race. Thus, the 15th amendment is the correct answer as it directly addresses the issue presented in the question.